Verses 1-7
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This psalm was written for a time when Israel was experiencing devastation from their enemies, during what we know as the Babylonian exile. Asaph knew that this was a result of God's anger for their sin.
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Asaph wonders how long they will suffer, and he wonders why the other nations—pagan nations—are not also being punished. Israel was God's people, whereas the other nations deny God entirely! Don't the other nations deserve the same, if not greater punishment?
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This passage reminds us that believing in God or associating with God does not make your sin any less serious or less deserving of judgment in God's eyes (Romans 2:17-24). God is angry with sin no matter who commits it.
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Also remember that, as believers, even if we suffer more in this life, we are delivered from the wrath to come. Be thankful for this. Our sufferings will come to an end. But for unbelievers, if they do not repent, their suffering will be endless.
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Verses 8-12
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Notice the psalmist's prayer here. He asks for help, deliverance, and forgiveness simply for the glory of God's name, and so that the other nations would not deny the presence of God in Israel.
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Pray for the same not because, selfishly, you seek your own ease, but because you want God to be glorified. In anything that you pray for, make sure that your motives are right. Desire that God becomes more widely known and honored through your answered prayers.
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Verse 13
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Start today! Give God thanks at all times. Thankfulness is a powerful type of praise to God.